NOTICE: The slip opinions and orders posted on this Web site are subject
to formal revision and are superseded by the advance sheets and bound volumes of the Official Reports. This preliminary material
will be removed from the Web site once the advance sheets of the Official Reports are published. If you find a typographical
error or other formal error, please notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Judicial Court, John Adams Courthouse, 1 Pemberton
Square, Suite 2500, Boston, MA 02108-1750; (617) 557-1030; SJCReporter@sjc.state.ma.us
COMMONWEALTH vs. Benjamen LAGUER. [FN1]
No. 05-P-155.
November 10, 2005. - March 2, 2006.
Present: Greenberg, Berry, & Graham, JJ.
Evidence, Exculpatory, Fingerprints. Due Process
of Law, Disclosure of evidence. Practice, Criminal, Disclosure of evidence, New trial.
INDICTMENTS found and returned in the Superior Court Department on August 4, 1983.
A motion for a new trial, filed
on February 11, 2004, was heard by Timothy S. Hillman, J., and a motion for reconsideration was considered by him.
James
C. Rehnquist (Joshua L. Stayn & Nicholas D. Gray with him) for the defendant.
Sandra L. Hautanen,
Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
GRAHAM, J.
In January, 1984, a Superior Court jury convicted
the defendant, Benjamen Laguer, on four indictments charging him with the crimes of robbery, breaking and entering, assault
and battery, and aggravated rape. [FN2] The indictments stemmed from a brutal attack and sexual assault of a fifty-nine year
old woman while she was alone in her Leominster apartment. On appeal, this court upheld the convictions. [FN3]
The
principal issue at the trial was the identification of the assailant. Prior to trial, the defendant requested the disclosure of all exculpatory evidence, including fingerprints found in the victim's
apartment. Approximately one month prior to trial, the prosecutor notified defense counsel by telephone that the Leominster
police had lifted a partial fingerprint from the base of a telephone in the victim's apartment. The cord from the telephone
had been used to bind the victim's hands. The prosecutor disclosed that the fingerprint was analyzed and was not a match to
any of the defendant's fingerprints. He further indicated that when he received the written report itself (prepared by the
State police laboratory) he would immediately provide it to defense counsel. The report, however, was not produced.
On
June 21, 2001, nearly seventeen years after the defendant was convicted, he requested, through new counsel, that the Office
of the District Attorney and the Director of the State Police Crime Laboratory provide him with documents related to fingerprints
collected by the prosecution in connection with his trial. The Commonwealth, on November 15, 2001, produced the front page
of a fingerprint report dated July 15, 1983 (fingerprint report). The fingerprint report indicated that four fingerprints
(not one, as had been reported previously) had been lifted from the base of the victim's telephone, and none matched the fingerprints
of the defendant. The back page of the fingerprint report, as well as the actual fingerprints, were missing. In February, 2004, represented by another new counsel, the defendant filed a motion in Superior Court seeking a new trial,
or entry of an order dismissing the indictments. [FN4] In the motion, the defendant argues that the prosecution's failure
to disclose exculpatory evidence, i.e., the fingerprint report, resulted in a violation of his Federal and State due process
rights and required a new trial. He contends that had the Commonwealth timely disclosed the fingerprint report, defense counsel
could have used it at trial to impeach the victim's identification, and to substantiate his mistaken identity theory by establishing
the presence of another person at the crime scene. He also claims that since the back page of the fingerprint report, as well
as the actual fingerprints, have been lost or destroyed, dismissal of the indictments, rather than a new trial, is the appropriate
remedy.
The motion for a new trial was argued before a judge of the Superior Court, who was not the judge who had presided
at the defendant's 1984 trial. The motion judge denied the requested relief as well as the defendant's subsequent motion for
reconsideration. We affirm.
1. The July, 1983, fingerprint report. The fingerprint report is dated July 15,
1983, just two days after the incident. As it currently exists, the fingerprint report is comprised of a single (one-sided) page. The fingerprint report was signed by "Tpr. Arthur Martin" and
contains some basic facts respecting the crime: it was a "rape" in Leominster, and the police investigator was "Det. Ron Carrigan."
It identifies the victim.
The fingerprint report indicates "4" "latent" fingerprints were lifted from the "base of
the trimline phone" (which had been found in the victim's home). In the part of the fingerprint report entitled "Added Information
(If Needed)," the following is set forth:
"On 7/15/83 at approx 2:30 pm Det. Carrigan brought a beige colored base
of a telephone to the lab to be examined for prints. Several prints were lifted and a comparison made with a suspect Benjamin
Laguer 5/1/63 with neg results. On 7/16/83 a 9:15 Det Carrigan was informed via telephone[.]" [FN5]
2. Trial evidence.
A jury could have found the following facts. On July 12, 1983, at approximately 9:00 P. M., a man broke into the victim's
apartment and assaulted her. The man was described as wearing jogging shorts and mismatched "gym" socks with stripes at the
top.
Immediately upon his entering the apartment, and thereafter, the intruder forced the victim to submit to repeated and forcible acts of vaginal intercourse, sodomy, and fellatio. He repeatedly beat
the victim and also robbed her, stealing jewelry, money, and a pocketbook. All of this occurred over about an eight-hour time
period, ending at about 5:00 A.M. the next day (July 13).
At some point the assailant placed a plastic bag over the
victim's head, causing her to pass out. She eventually came to but was dazed and in shock from the violent events. While the
bag was over her head, the victim "fought" and struggled to some extent with the assailant. The victim was found to have bloody
fingernails and blood on her hand, apparently from scratching the assailant.
During the incident, the victim was able
to observe the face of her assailant.
[FN6] Before leaving her apartment, he threatened
the victim that if she identified him, he would kill her. The victim was ultimately discovered by the police with her wrists
bound together behind her back with a cord from the telephone in her apartment. Her feet were bound up with a cord from a
portable hair dryer device. She had suffered serious physical injuries in the course of the attack.
It was not disputed that as of July, 1983, the defendant was living (with his father) in the same Leominster apartment complex
where the victim made her home. The defendant lived in apartment 101, which was immediately adjacent to the victim's own unit
(apartment 102).
The victim identified the defendant as the perpetrator of the crimes. She recalled having seen the
defendant on a prior occasion when he rang her doorbell in order to gain access to the common hallway inside the building.
The victim also informed an investigating officer, Leominster Detective Ronald Carignan, that she had seen the defendant using
a key to go into apartment 101.
After having obtained a search warrant, Detective Carignan conducted a search of the
defendant's apartment. Among the items of clothing observed in the apartment were several pairs of tube socks. The socks were
rolled up in pairs but did not match. On the morning of July 15, Carignan returned to the apartment. The defendant answered
the door, clad only in jogging shorts and tube socks. He was not wearing a shirt.
Accompanied by Carignan, the defendant
went to the Leominster police station. He was advised of his Miranda rights. The defendant permitted police to photograph
him and take his fingerprints. Carignan observed that the defendant had a very deep scratch on his back. This scratch was photographed, and the photographs were later shown to the jury. [FN7]
While
in the hospital, the victim identified the defendant from a photographic array displayed by the police. [FN8] Just prior to
trial, she was shown the same array of photographs and again selected the defendant's picture. At trial, the victim again
selected defendant's picture from a photographic array.
[FN9]
In the course of a search of the victim's apartment for evidence, Carignan
recovered a fingerprint from the base of the victim's telephone and caused it to be sent to the State police laboratory for
further analysis. At trial, Carignan testified that he did not find any fingerprints in the victim's apartment that matched
the defendant's fingerprints. The police recovered bloodstained items from the crime scene and forwarded that evidence (with
the defendant's saliva sample) to the State police for a chemical analysis. A subsequent police report indicated that an "inconclusive"
blood-type result was obtained from the defendant's saliva sample. [FN10]
At trial, each witness called by the defendant
placed the defendant away from the crime scene during the eight-hour period of the attack. The defendant testified and flatly denied having committed the crimes charged.
Throughout the trial, the defendant pressed an argument
to the jury that another man had committed the crimes, identifying a particular man of Hispanic descent who also lived at
the same Leominster apartment complex as being the likely culprit. In a like vein, the defendant's counsel drove the point
home to the jury during closing argument that there was no physical evidence that linked the defendant to the crime scene.
3.
Due process. Due process of law requires that the government timely "disclose to a criminal defendant favorable evidence
in its possession that could materially aid the defense against the pending charges." Commonwealth v. Daniels, 445
Mass. 392, 401 (2005), quoting from Commonwealth v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. 401, 404-405 (1992). This constitutional rule
has been articulated in a series of United States Supreme Court decisions [FN11] dating back to Brady v. Maryland,
373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), as well as in decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court and this court. See, e.g., United States
v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103-104 (1976); Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 691 (2004); Commonwealth v. Gregory,
401 Mass. 437, 442 (1988); Commonwealth v. Healy, 438 Mass. 672, 678-679 (2003); Commonwealth v. Daniels, 445
Mass. at 401-405; Commonwealth v. Vaughn, 32 Mass.App.Ct. 435, 439-440 (1992); Commonwealth v. Bennett, 43 Mass.App.Ct. 154, 158-163 (1997). [FN12]
For a constitutional violation to be established
due to the prosecution's failure to make disclosure, " '[f]avorable evidence' need not be dispositive evidence." Commonwealth
v. Daniels, 445 Mass. at 401. "Evidence may be favorable or exculpatory,[ [FN13]] and thus required to be disclosed, 'although
it is not absolutely destructive of the Commonwealth's case or highly demonstrative of the defendant's innocence.' " Ibid.,
quoting from Commonwealth v. Ellison, 376 Mass. 1, 22 (1978).
The prosecution's duty to make disclosure to a
defendant is straightforward. The prosecution must disclose evidence, in its possession or under its control, "which provides
some significant aid to the defendant's case, whether it furnishes corroboration of the defendant's story, calls into question
a material, although not indispensable, element of the prosecution's version of the events, or challenges the credibility
of a key prosecution witness." Commonwealth v. Ellison, 376 Mass. at 22. See Commonwealth v. Healy, 438 Mass.
at 679. That said, it remains the defendant's burden to show prejudice warranting or requiring a new trial. Commonwealth
v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 404 n. 2.
4. Standard of review. Because the defendant had requested the Commonwealth to produce fingerprint evidence, it follows
that he "need only demonstrate that a substantial basis exists for claiming prejudice from the nondisclosure." Id.
at 412. Such a basis exists if undisclosed evidence, responsive to a specific defense request, "might have affected the outcome
of the trial." Id. at 405, quoting from United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. at 104. This is a more favorable standard
to a defendant than the situation where either no request has been made by a criminal defendant, or it has been made in such
generalized terms that the prosecution cannot be deemed to have been put on notice of a defense request for a particular piece
of evidence. [FN14] Commonwealth v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 413. [FN15] See Commonwealth v. Daniels, 445 Mass.
at 404 n. 23 (explaining the different standards of review in a case such as this).
When a new trial motion is constitutionally
based, as is the case here, a reviewing court "will exercise its own independent judgment on the ultimate factual as well
as legal conclusions." Commonwealth v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 409. See Commonwealth v. Salvati, 420 Mass. 499,
500 (1995); Commonwealth v. Healy, 438 Mass. at 678. In the circumstances of this case, no deference need be afforded
to the findings of fact made by the motion judge below, or to his connected rulings of law. Measured by this framework, we
turn to the merits of the defendant's due process claims. [FN16]
5. Discussion. In this case, the defendant has not
established that "a substantial basis exists for claiming prejudice from the nondisclosure." Commonwealth v. Tucceri,
412 Mass. at 412. We conclude that even had the fingerprint report been timely produced, it would not have affected the outcome
of the trial. Id. at 412-413. Accord Commonwealth v. Daye, 411 Mass. 719, 729 (1992); Commonwealth v. Healy,
438 Mass. at 680.
First, the fingerprint report is cumulative of other evidence admitted at trial that established,
indisputably, that there was an absence of physical evidence at the scene linking this defendant to the crimes. See Commonwealth
v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 414 ("[i]f the undisclosed evidence is cumulative, ... the failure to disclose that evidence
does not warrant the granting of a new trial").
In particular, the jury were informed that a fingerprint from the same
telephone was shown not to have matched the defendant's fingerprints. Because the fingerprint report refers to four fingerprints,
the additional nonmatching fingerprints arguably bolster the point that the defendant's fingerprints were not identified on
the telephone. [FN17] Failure to disclose the fingerprint report did not handicap the defendant's ability to argue to the jury that the victim had misidentified him, a claim he made
throughout the trial from several different angles. [FN18]
Second, nothing in the report demonstrates, or even suggests,
that the defendant had not been at the scene or had not committed the crimes charged. The report does not add new information
to call into question the victim's identification of the defendant as the perpetrator of the crimes charged. There is no information
in the report as to the identity of the person whose fingerprints were on the telephone. It is only in the most general and
speculative terms that the defendant claims to have suffered prejudice from the Commonwealth's nondisclosure. The defendant
characterizes the fingerprint report as "potentially exculpatory"; however, given that he had been informed, prior to trial,
of the results of the single fingerprint analysis, and given that he had in his sights at the time of trial the identity of
one particular man, of Hispanic descent, who lived in the same Leominster apartment complex, no convincing showing has been
made here that the defendant was handicapped in any material way in his defense against the charges. We are not persuaded
that his trial strategy was materially affected due to the nondisclosure of the fingerprint report. We note that a month prior
to the start of the trial, the defendant was aware of the existence of the single fingerprint yet proceeded to trial without obtaining or attempting to link the fingerprint to other possible perpetrators.
Third, in briefs filed
with this court, the defendant's counsel have attempted to argue that the Commonwealth's physical evidence at trial was "inconclusive,"
and as such, a timely production of the fingerprint report could have aided the defense in its ability to cast doubt on the
Commonwealth's case. This contention is spurious. References at trial to the "inconclusive" nature of physical evidence were
directed to a chemical analysis of the defendant's saliva sample and blood evidence. A different State police laboratory report
indicated an "inconclusive" blood-type result was obtained from the defendant's saliva sample. [FN19]
The defendant
now attempts to conflate two different tests, that is, the fingerprint evidence on the one hand, and the saliva and blood
evidence on the other hand. [FN20] It is highly unlikely the jury would have been led to believe that the "inconclusive" blood
evidence had anything to do with the indisputable fact that no fingerprints were found at the scene that matched those of
the defendant.
Any harm resulting from the failure to produce the fingerprint report here is markedly different in degree from the situation presented in those cases where a new trial has been ordered because of the
prosecution's failure to make timely disclosure of exculpatory or favorable evidence to a defendant. See Commonwealth v.
Gallarelli, 399 Mass. 17, 22-24 (1987) (police report confirmed no trace of blood found on knife seized from defendant
upon arrest for a stabbing); Commonwealth v. Martin, 427 Mass. 816, 822 (1998) (postmortem tests tending to disprove
presence of drug in body of murder victim); Commonwealth v. Vaughn, 32 Mass.App.Ct. at 439-440 (detective indicated
in initial report that there were two sets of footprints at crime scene but at trial testified that there were three sets
of footprints; prosecution should have disclosed detective's change in statement); Commonwealth v. Bennett, 43 Mass.App.Ct.
at 158-163 (evidence tending to show defendant could not have made telephone calls to the victim after an attack because the
defendant was at the time detained in State correctional facility).
The fingerprint report, unlike those items of evidence
at issue in the above cases, was cumulative of other evidence admitted at trial and essentially confirmed information that
had been directly conveyed to the defendant's counsel prior to trial. The fingerprint report does not contain information
that would have cast doubt on the victim's positive identification of the defendant, or cleared him from involvement with this attack. Compare Commonwealth v. Brown, 57 Mass.App.Ct. 852, 857-859
(2003) (undisclosed inventory report did not carry a measure of strength to warrant ordering a new trial).
For the
same reasons, we are confident that the defendant's due process rights were not violated by the Commonwealth's destruction
or loss of the actual fingerprints or any remaining page of the fingerprint report. We are unpersuaded by the reasons set
forth by the defendant in support of the relief requested in his motion.
The orders of the Superior Court denying defendant's
motion for a new trial and related reconsideration motion are affirmed.
So ordered.
FN1. As is our custom, we spell the defendant's
name as it appears on the indictments.
FN2. The judge sentenced the defendant to serve
a life term in State prison on the rape conviction. On the robbery and breaking and entering convictions,
the judge imposed concurrent sentences of twelve
to fifteen years. With the defendant's consent, the conviction on the assault and battery indictment was placed on file; for
this procedure, see Commonwealth v. Simmons, ante 274, 278-284 (2005).
FN3. The defendant's assignments of error were
answered in our opinion in Commonwealth v. Laguer, 20 Mass.App.Ct. 965 (1985).
FN4. Postjudgment, the defendant raised different
grounds than those asserted presently for claiming a new trial or other relief. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Laguer,
410 Mass. 89 (1991); Commonwealth v. Laguer, 36 Mass.App.Ct. 310 (1994). His prior motions for a new trial are not
pertinent to the present appeal.
FN5. The fingerprint report contains other
typed language, "(Over for Additional)," but no other page or record was produced by the Commonwealth.
FN6. The defendant challenged the victim's
mental state and her ability to see, with any clarity, the face of her assailant. The parties disputed the amount and quality
of light (from an outside lighting source) that could have illuminated the inside of the victim's apartment.
FN7. The defendant first said the scratch was
due to a nail at a bar; he later said that it was from splinters or nails on a picnic table.
FN8. Initially, when the police first asked
her if she could identify the assailant, the victim answered no. At trial, she explained that she had answered as she did
because the defendant had threatened to take her life.
FN9. During cross-examination, the victim acknowledged
that she used eyeglasses for close reading, and that she had not used her eyeglasses when viewing the photographs at the hospital.
FN10. Unknown at that time was the fact that
the defendant had intentionally tampered with his court-ordered saliva sample, mixing his own with that of another inmate.
The defendant admitted to this in 2003 (nearly twenty years after the trial) at a parole board hearing.
FN11. The Supreme Judicial Court has declined
to adopt the Supreme Court's formulation of a unitary standard for all such prosecutorial nondisclosure cases, which was set
forth in United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985) (evidence is material "only if there is a reasonable probability
that,
had the evidence been disclosed to the defense,
the result of the proceeding would have been different"; " 'reasonable probability' is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome"). The Supreme Judicial Court adheres to United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97 (1976), which
had formulated a more favorable standard to a defendant for purposes of establishing a due process violation when the defendant
has made a specific request for certain evidence. See Commonwealth v. Gallarelli, 399 Mass. 17, 21 n. 5 (1987); Commonwealth
v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 405-406.
FN12. The Brady rule does not require
the prosecution to gather evidence that is potentially helpful to the defense, or prescribe a methodology of investigation
that the police must follow. See United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. at 109-110.
Also, to be distinguished from this case is
the situation of a motion pursuant to Mass.R.Crim.P. 30(b), as appearing in 435 Mass. 1501 (2001), based on newly-discovered
evidence. See Commonwealth v. Grace, 397 Mass. 303, 305 (1986); Commonwealth v. Trung Chi Truong, 34 Mass.App.Ct.
668, 673 (1993). Here, the motion judge seemed to treat the defendant's present motion as raising an issue of newly discovered
evidence. To the extent he did so, the motion judge was in error; in the end, however, the motion judge (albeit indirectly)
identified the correct standard, concluding that if the
fingerprint report had been timely disclosed,
the evidence would not have influenced the jury's deliberations.
FN13. The term "exculpatory" in this context
is not understood to connote only alibi or such other complete proof of innocence, but covers all evidence that has a tendency
to "negate the guilt of the accused" or support the accused's innocence. Commonwealth v. Healy, 438 Mass. at 679, quoting
from Commonwealth v. St. Germain, 381 Mass. 256, 261 n. 6 (1980).
FN14. In that case, in order to prevail, a
defendant must show there is a "substantial risk that the jury would have reached a different conclusion if the evidence had
been admitted." Commonwealth v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 413.
FN15. "[A] standard of prejudice more favorable
to the defendant is justified in order to motivate prosecutors to be alert to defendants' rights to disclosure." Commonwealth
v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 407.
FN16. The Commonwealth argues that the defendant's
due process claim has been waived. We do not agree. The defendant's claim was not "generally known and available at the time
of trial or [during his initial] appeal." Commonwealth v. Healy, 438 Mass. at 677 (2003), quoting from Commonwealth
v. Valliere, 437 Mass. 366, 370 (2002).
The defendant had no reason to believe, prior to trial or on direct appeal, that the Commonwealth had in its possession or
control the undisclosed fingerprint report. The inquiry we must make "is whether we can be confident that, even if the prosecution
had supplied the report to the defendant[ ] in timely fashion, the report or available evidence disclosed by it would not
have influenced the jury." Commonwealth v. Daye, 411 Mass. 719, 729 (1992).
It need not be emphasized that the prosecution
ought not to have withheld the fingerprint report. A criminal trial is not a game. The objective of prosecutors must be the
fair administration of justice, and not just obtaining a conviction. See Commonwealth v. Tucceri, 412 Mass. at 408;
Commonwealth v. Vaughn, 32 Mass.App.Ct. at 435-436.
FN17. The fingerprint report does not indicate
whether the four fingerprints were from the same hand or from different hands.
FN18. A defendant has a constitutional right
to offer evidence that another individual may have committed the charged crime. Commonwealth v. Conkey, 443 Mass. 60,
66 (2004). "A defendant may introduce evidence that tends to show that another person committed the crime or had the motive,
intent, and opportunity to commit it." Ibid., quoting from Commonwealth v. Lawrence,
404 Mass. 378, 387 (1989).
FN19. Of course, it must be said the Commonwealth
was not aware at trial that the defendant had purposefully tampered with his saliva sample, thereby preventing the police
from carrying out a proper comparison of his blood type with the rape kit specimens and the many bloodstained items found
at the scene of the crime. See note 9, supra.
FN20. We decline the Commonwealth's invitation
to consider the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) test result, which is said to have pointed directly to the defendant's guilt.
The DNA test, which was carried out at the request of the defendant after the trial, need not be addressed with regard to
the motion at hand.
